A Deep Analysis of A Separation

When a masterpiece demands a closer look

Some films require a closer look--one that seeks to understand the greatness of the storytelling within, and why it feels so different from anything else. A Separation stands out as the simple story of a divorce that turns out to be something much more dramatic and complex in the end.

A Separation: Blueprint of a Masterpiece

Look no further than this gem from Iran for a lesson in superior storytelling.

When it comes to writing a good story, many feel the process to be a mysterious expedition into the unknown. Lacking greater insight into why some stories work better than others, these very same people take the time-tested, yet often failed approach of "We’ll know it when we see it."

Problem is, by the time they do manage to see the light the crushing weight of the freight train marked "Deadline" overruns them and dashes any hopes of getting the story right. Wouldn't it be great to have the foresight ahead of time to know what path to take and what important points to explore?

Diving Into One of the Greats

Recently, I had the pleasure of conducting an analysis of the Iranian masterpiece, A Separation (2011). In addition to the superb acting and deft directing, the film exudes a confident, subtle and well-balanced narrative--clues that the film contains a solid storyform.

A storyform--as defined by the Dramatica (narrative science) theory of story--identifies the central thematic elements of a complete narrative. Listing close to seventy-five key story points, this structural imprint holds within it the meaning or "message" of a story. Analyzing a film by looking for these key story points allows writers to better understand how to apply the predictive nature of the storyform to their own work.

The First Go-Round

I originally completed my first analysis of this spectacular film last September. The storyform I settled on at that time was--for the most part--accurate, but there were a few areas where it didn't feel quite right to me. A proper storyform sings out--like an orchestra playing together in harmonious brilliance--and this one didn't quite ring true to me. A few sour notes that left me feeling a bit off.

So when it came time to take another crack at it in one of my Story classes at the California Institute of the Arts, I jumped at the chance to find the right tune.

While 75% of this second attempt ended up matching my initial assessment, I did make one slight adjustment. I say slight because its an easy thing to do within the software application, but theoretically, it’s actually a pretty major shift. Instead of seeing Nader's problems as a matter of his obstinate attitude--which he clearly has--we looked at him from the perspective of his manipulations. Every problem he has, everything that defines who he is, comes as a result of his constant drive to change the way people think and how they think about him. More importantly though, this way of thinking causes problems for him. Shifting the context of his personal Throughline to something more psychological in nature--while a simple click of the mouse--in reality, opened up a whole new perspective on his personal troubles.

Drilling down into Dramatica’s structural model beneath this psychological "umbrella" we eventually struck narrative gold:

This quad of elements sang out for a couple of reasons. The first was the word Cause--namely because that was the precise Main Character Problem I had identified in my initial analysis. Dramatica defines Cause as:

the specific circumstances that lead to an effect. The character containing the Cause characteristic is concerned with what is behind a situation or its circumstances.

Nader's problems stem from his overwhelming desire to establish blame and from his desire to avoid taking any blame for anything. His wife leaving him, Razieh's "accident", why Razieh was even there in the first place: all of these exemplify a character driven and blinded by Cause.

More importantly, however, this quad stood out because the elements within sang together in a harmonious reflection of Nader. Like the entire storyform itself--albeit at a finer resolution--these elements grouped together holistically painted a picture of Nader’s flawed character I’m sure the Author intended.

A Holistic Model of Intent

In short, the storyform defines what it is the Author is trying to say with his or her work. Strong powerful films exist as strong powerful films because they have something they're trying to say, something they’re trying to argue. More than a sequence template to follow, the storyform outlines the key points needed to make a solid argument. Solid argument, solid story, no plot holes, happy Audience.

Now some films, or stories for that matter, have no real purpose beyond simple entertainment (Fletch, Battle: Los Angeles, or 2012 to name a few) and that’s OK--Dramatica can't really help with those kinds of films. But when it comes to films that really matter, the ones that strive to be something even greater than the sum total of their parts, concepts like the storyform help explain why the greatness.

The Magic of Dramatica

By selecting Cause as Nader's Main Character Problem, Dramatica took the initiative and calculated the rest of the thematic material needed to tell a compelling story. Yes, thats right. The power of Dramatica, and its unique ability over any other paradigm of story, lies in its ability to take the parts of your story you know and provide with the bits you haven't even thought of yet. By analyzing your initial intent, the program can predict what you need in the other Throughlines in order to balance out your story and make it feel complete.

All that was left now was to take a look at what Dramatica predicted the Objective Story Throughline of A Separation to be and see if that matched up with the actual film:

Amazing! If there was one thing clear about the Objective Story of this film--the part of the story that affects everyone--it was the broken system of justice within Iran. Proving one’s innocence within the judge’s small cramped office, waiting amongst the hoarded outside to even get in--all of these perfectly illustrated an Objective Story Problem of Process:

the mechanism through which a cause leads to an effect. A Process is a series of interactions that create results. syn. chain of interactions, manner of procedure, cause/effect relation, progression, ongoing pull or tendency

This was yet another key point I had selected in my original analysis. You may wonder then, if the Objective Story Problem and the Main Character Problem matched the first attempt, what exactly changed? Remember that "slight" shift in perspective I made earlier? By doing this, the other two items in both quads switched from Proven and Un-proven to Accurate and Deviation.

In my original analysis I had felt the former pair (Proven and Un-Proven) correctly identified what a majority of the story was about. While the individual Problems of the Throughlines drive a story forward, it is the other pair within the quad that occupies most of the story’s attention. The characters in A Separation certainly spend a fair amount of time trying to prove the presumption.

But when one takes a closer look at Accurate and Deviation and sees them more as Appropriate Behavior and Inappropriate Behavior (synonyms respectively) one begins to gain a greater sense of what the film was really exploring thematically. Nader calling out the hot-headed husband Hodjat for insulting him, Hodjat yelling at his Razieh for working for a single man, or Razieh calling up her religious order to determine whether or not helping an ailing old man to clean himself (who just wet himself from Alzheimer's ) was an appropriate action for her to take--all of these describe characters balancing the demands of appropriate and inappropriate behavior. As with Nader's quad of elements these four perfectly encircled the dramatic energy present within this great film.

In the second part of this series, we'll explore what all of this means and how understanding the storyform can help Authors craft films as equally as powerful as this one.

A Separation: Predicting Greatness

Transforming guesswork to guidance: harnessing the power of Dramatica storyform in narrative construction

For years, the crafting of a solid story required little more than the ability to guess. Writing. Rewriting. Repeat ad nauseam until the work found its voice. The challenge always seemed to be finding the necessary pieces to tell a complete story.

Until now.

Instead of leaving purpose to chance, the Dramatica storyform (a pillar of narrative science theory) grants clues to this process of "unearthing the bones". No longer a case of crossing fingers and biting lips, writing a story that satisfies and fulfills now comes with an enlightening roadmap.

As discussed in the first article in this series, A Separation: Blueprint of a Masterpiece, the storyform paints a holistic footprint of a story's thematic make-up. Choosing to focus one part of a story on a certain point-of-view demands that complimentary and opposing points-of-view come into play as well. As we saw with the juxtaposition of appropriate and inappropriate behavior both in Nader's storyline and in the larger storyline of modern life in Iran, alternate points-of-view help define the Author's "message" and give purpose to stor.

Revelation Upon Revelation

Further examination of the storyform Dramatica predicted for A Separation proved just as exhilarating as the first revelation. Take for instance the concept of the Objective Story Catalyst and the Objective Story Inhibitor. As defined by the theory, these two claim responsibility for increasing or decreasing conflict within a story.

As you can see Dramatica singled out Confidence as the Catalyst and Knowledge as the Inhibitor. Perfect! Every time a character proceeds with confidence--Nader's strong sense of innocence, Hodjat's defense of his wife in court--conflict in the story builds. Likewise, any time Knowledge comes into play--as when Razieh reveals knowledge of her accident the night before--the story slows to a halt.

What other understanding of story can even come close to this kind of narrative thematic prestidigitation?!

Without going into too much more detail, these amazing predictions continue on through out the entire storyform. Confident as we had finally found "the one", we concluded class that night resolved with a better understanding of why this film worked so well. More importantly, the process of analysis granted each of us greater insight towards how to apply the same successful thematic exploration in our own work.

When Instinct Fails

And so there it was.

Without actually sitting down and watching A Separation, Dramatica was able to confidently predict how the rest of the story should play out--just by knowing Nader’s character.

Why is this so important for writers (and for those struggling to bring a story together)?

If you know your Main Character as well as Asghar Farhadi, the writer of A Separation clearly did, but you aren't sure where to take the Objective Story or any of the other characters, Dramatica can predict for you the necessary story points you need to complete the narrative. Not sure how to increase conflict in the Objective Story? Apply a hint of the Objective Story Catalyst as described above and you're good to go. Not sure how to develop that key Relationship Throughline? Look to the Relationship Story Transits and craft your work accordingly. Regardless of what story point you need help with or are blind to see yourself, the Dramatica theory of story can help make your story solid and meaningful.

Magic in the Real World

Experiences like this help solidify the uniqueness of Dramatica’s approach to story. By inputting the qualities of a single character the theory predicts and nails what should be happening within the other Throughlines. But wonder like this means nothing without some greater purpose behind it.

Take a look at that last element in Nader’s quad, the one we have yet to discuss--Effect. If Nader's problem is Cause then his Solution to that problem is Effect.

But he never gets there--and I believe that's key to what this film is all about.

Nader is a Steadfast character which means that his point-of-view, his perspective towards things, remains consistent. His pride and his confidence in his own innocence so overwhelms him that he never takes time out to see the effects his behavior has on those around him--especially his daughter.

Thus, the central tragedy of the film actually finds itself encoded into the structural meaning of the story: Nader’s steadfast prideful manipulations drive his daughter to a point where she abandons her original point-of-view and chooses one parent over the other. Up until that final scene his daughter went with the flow--engaging in the process of separation without really dealing with any of the residual fallout. She didn't want to have to make a choice and risk hurting the other parent. Unfortunately her father brought her to a point where she had no other choice but to live with the repercussions of divorce.

The Story Outcome of Failure and the Story Judgment of Bad categorize this change as Tragic. A Separation succeeds on so many levels because it depicts the results of divorce--both personally among individuals, interpersonally between parents and children, and globally amongst the citizens of a progressing nation dealing with a separation from the old ways and old bonds towards a new and uncertain future.

See how the storyform labels the Story Consequence as Progress? The Consequence occurs when the efforts to reach the Story Goal fail, and fail they do in this film. The tragic consequences of progress in Iran--that's the deeper meaning of this film and the true purpose of the narrative. Modern Iran, with its children having to choose one "parent" over the other, finds progress a tragic process--a no-win situation regardless of which path they choose--the fallout of which results in a fractured society, alone and separated, with losers on both sides.

Structure and Proof

Dramatica did more than predict story points, it gave us a blueprint of the Author’s original intent--his purpose in writing this powerful and moving story.

A Separation scores 99% on Rotten Tomatoes because it tells a solid and purpose-driven story. The filmmaker had something very meaningful to say and he did it both competently and artfully. Dramatica and its concept of the storyform helps explain the former. Talent takes care of the latter. That powerful message--made possible only through this combination of ability and thematic enlightenment--is what audiences and critics respond to and what many an Author aspires to.

The signal flare of greatness beckons; step forward without trepidation, taking comfort in the well lit path before you.